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vor einem
Jahr geriet die EUMC in Wien in die Schlagzeilen, weil sie einen
Report über antisemitische Vorfälle in Europa unter
Verschluss hielt, weil seine Ergebnisse ihr nicht ins Konzept
passten (z.B. dass Moslems für viele Attacken verantwortlich
seien, speziell in Frankreich) Dany Cohn-Bendit veröffentlichte
DAMALS den "heimlichen" Report.
Jetzt LIEGT ein WEITERES brisantes Papier der gleichen EUMC VOR,
dessen Veröffentlichung ebenfalls von der EUMC verhindert wird:
eine Definition von "Antisemitismus", die aber von der EU schon
als Grundlage verwendet wird.
ECRI
WIEN:
A Working Definition of Anti-Semitism
Der Originaltext auf Englisch und eine inoffizielle
deutsche Übersetzung wurden erstmals auf der Homepage des
Korrespondenten U. Sahm
veröffentlicht:
http://usahm.de/Dokumente/ANTISEMITISM17050.htm.
Inoffizielle deutsche Übersetzung des Dokuments:
http://usahm.de/Dokumente/DEFINITION18050.htm.
|
Hier finden
Sie den englischen Original-Wortlaut dieser "Definition":
ECRI,
January 28, 2005
The purpose of this document is to
provide a practical guide for identifying incidents, collecting
data and supporting the implementation and enforcement of
legislation dealing with anti-Semitism.
Anti-Semitism is a certain
perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews.
Rhetorical and physical
manifestations of anti-Semitism are directed toward Jewish or
non-Jewish individuals and / or their property, toward Jewish
community institutions and religious facilities.
In addition, such
manifestations could also target the state of Israel, conceived as
a Jewish collectivity.
Anti-Semitism frequently
charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often
used to blame Jews for “why things go wrong”. It is expressed in
speech, writing, visual forms and action, and employs sinister
stereotypes and negative character traits.
Contemporary examples of
anti-Semitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace,
and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall
context, include, but are not limited to:
·
Calling for, aiding, or justifying the
killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an
extremist view of religion.
·
Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing,
or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of
Jews as a collective – such as, especially but not exclusively,
the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling
the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
·
Accusing Jews as a people of being
responsible for real or imagines wrongdoing committed by a single
Jewish person or group, of even for acts committed by non-Jews.
·
Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g.
gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish
people at the hands of National socialist Germany and its
supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
·
Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as
a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
·
Accusing Jewish Citizens of being more loyal
to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to
the interests of their own nations.
Examples of the ways in which
anti-Semitism manifests itself with regard to the State of Israel
taking into account the overall context could include:
·
Denying the Jewish people right to
self-determination, e.g. by claiming that the existence of a state
of Israel is a racist endeavor.
·
Applying double standards b requiring of it
a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic
nation.
·
Using the symbols and images associated with
classic anti-Semitism (e.g. claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood
libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
·
Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli
policy to that of the Nazis.
·
Holding Jews collectively responsible for
actions of the State of Israel.
However, criticism of Israel
similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be
regarded as anti-Semitic.
Anti-Semitic acts are criminal
when they are so defined by law (for example denial of the
Holocaust or distribution of anti-Semitic materials in some
countries). Criminal acts are anti-Semitic when the targets of
attacks, whether they are people or property – such as buildings,
schools, places of worship and cemeteries – are selected because
they are, or are perceived to be Jewish of linked to Jews.
Anti-Semitic discrimination is the denial to Jews of opportunities
or services available to others and is illegal in many countries.
(Note: ECRI in its General Policy Recommendation No. 9, 25 June
2004, has offered specific recommendation regarding the
criminalization of anti-Semitic acts)
_______
Following the recommendations of ECRI
|
Eine Arbeits-Definition von AntiSemitismus
(Januar 28, 2005)
(Inoffizielle Übersetzung des englischen Originals von U.
Sahm)
Der
Sinn dieses Dokuments ist eine praktische Anleitung für das Identifizieren, das
Sammeln von Angaben und die Unterstützung der Umsetzung und Durchsetzung von
Gesetzen, die vom Antisemitismus handeln.
Antisemitismus ist eine gewisse Vorstellung zu Juden, die als Hass gegen Juden
ausgedrückt werden kann.
Rhetorische und physische Ausbrüche von Antisemitismus sind gegen Juden und
nicht-jüdische Individuen gerichtet, und/oder gegen ihr Eigentum oder gegen
Institutionen jüdischer Gemeinden und religiöse Einrichtungen.
Zusätzlich können solche Ausbrüche auch den Staat Israel zum Ziel haben, wenn er
als jüdisches Kollektiv gesehen wird.
Antisemitismus beschuldigt Juden oft, mit Verschwörungen der Menschheit schaden
zu wollen. Oft werden Juden für alles verantwortlich gemacht, “was falsch
läuft”. Das wird in Worten, schriftlich, visuell und mit Taten ausgedrückt.
Verwendet werden finstere Stereotypen und negative Charakterzüge.
Zeitgenössische Beispiele von Antisemitismus im öffentlichen Leben, in den
Medien, Schulen, am Arbeitsplatz und im religiösen Bereich können folgende
Elemente enthalten, unter Berücksichtigung des Kontextes. Die Liste ist
allerdings nicht vollständig:
·
Im Namen einer radikalen Ideologie oder einer extremistischen
religiösen Sicht aufrufen, helfen oder rechtfertigen, Juden zu töten oder ihnen
zu schaden.
·
Das Äußern verlogener, entmenschlichender, dämonisierender oder
stereotyper Vorurteile über Juden, wie etwa die Macht der Juden als Kollektiv,
der Mythos einer jüdischen Weltverschwörung oder Behauptungen über jüdische
Kontrolle der Medien, der Wirtschaft, der Regierung oder anderer
gesellschaftlicher Einrichtungen.
·
Juden als Volk zu beschuldigen, oder Juden für reale oder
vermeintliche Vergehen einzelner jüdischer Personen oder Gruppen verantwortlich
zu machen oder gar wegen Vergehen zu beschuldigen, die Nichtjuden begangen
haben.
·
Die Tatsache, den Umfang, die Mechanismen (etwa die Gaskammern)
oder die Absicht des Völkermords am jüdischen Volk zu verleugnen, der durch die
Täterschaft des nationalsozialischen Deutschland, seiner Unterstützer oder
Komplizen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs begangen wurde. (Holocaust)
·
Die Juden als Volk oder Israel als Staat zu verklagen, den
Holocaust erfunden oder übertrieben (dargestellt) zu haben.
·
Jüdische Bürger zu beschuldigen, zu Israel oder den
vermeintlichen weltweiten Prioritäten von Juden loyaler zu sein als den
Interessen ihrer eigenen Nationen.
Beispiele, wie sich Anti-Semitismus zum Staat Israel manifestiert in einem
umfassenden Kontext:
·
Dem jüdischen Volk das Recht auf Selbstbestimmung
abzusprechen, etwa durch die Behauptung, der Staat Israel sei
ein rassistisches Vorhaben.
·
Die Anwendung eines doppelten Standards, indem an Israel
Verhaltensansprüche gestellt werden, wie an keine andere
demokratische Nation.
·
Eine Charakterisierung Israels oder der Israelis unter
Verwendung von Symbolen und Bildern des klassischen
Antisemitismus wie dem Vorwurf, Juden hätten Jesus getötet
oder Blutslegenden.
·
Der Vergleich der heutigen Politik Israels mit der Politik
der Nazis.
·
Juden kollektiv für das Verhalten des Staates Israel
verantwortlich zu machen.
Allerdings gilt Kritik an Israel, wie sie in vergleichbarer Weise auch gegenüber
andere Länder geäußert wird, nicht als antisemitisch.
_______
Im Nachfolgenden geht es um die Anwendung von Gesetzen, soweit
sie in europäischen Ländern existieren. |
http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Ecri/1-ECRI/3-General_themes/1-Policy_Recommendations/Recommendation_N%B09/1-Recommendation_9.asp
ECRI
GENERAL POLICY:
RECOMMENDATION NO. 9 ON THE FIGHT AGAINST
ANTISEMITISM
ADOPTED ON
25 JUNE 2004
Published by the European Commission against Racism and
Intolerance Council of Europe – 2004
THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE
The Council of Europe is a political organisation which was
founded on 5 May 1949 by ten European countries in order to
promote greater unity between its members. It now numbers 45
European States.1
The main aims of the Organisation are to promote democracy, human
rights and the rule of law, and to develop common responses to
political, social, cultural and legal challenges in its member
States. Since 1989 it has integrated most of the countries of
central and eastern Europe and supported them in their efforts to
implement and consolidate their political, legal and
administrative reforms.
The Council of Europe has its permanent headquarters in Strasbourg
(France). By Statute, it has two constituent organs: the Committee
of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly. The Congress of Local
and Regional Authorities of Europe represents the entities of
local and regional selfgovernment within the member States.
The European Court of Human Rights is the judicial body competent
to adjudicate complaints brought against a State by individuals,
associations or other contracting States on grounds of violation
of the European Convention on Human Rights.
1
Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia
&
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian
Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovak Republic,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, “the Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia”, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION AGAINST RACISM AND INTOLERANCE
The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) is a
monitoring body established by the first Summit of Heads of State
and Government of the member States of the Council of Europe. The
decision to establish ECRI is contained in the Vienna Declaration
adopted by the first Summit on 9 October 1993. The European
Conference against Racism, held in Strasbourg in October 2000,
called for the strengthening of ECRI’s action. On 13 June 2002,
the Committee of Ministers adopted a new Statute for ECRI,
consolidating its role as an independent human rights monitoring
body on issues related to racism and racial discrimination.
The members of ECRI serve in their individual capacity and are
independent. The task of ECRI is to combat racism, xenophobia,
antisemitism and intolerance at the level of greater Europe and
from the perspective of the protection of human rights. ECRI's
action covers all necessary measures to combat violence,
discrimination and prejudice faced by persons or groups of
persons, notably on grounds of race, colour, language, religion,
nationality and national or ethnic origin.
ECRI's programme of activities comprises three aspects:
country-by-country approach; work on general themes; activities in
relation with civil society.
For further information on ECRI and its activities, please
contact:
Secretariat of the European Commission against Racism and
Intolerance
Council of Europe, F 67075 Strasbourg cedex
Tel: +33 (0)3 88 41 29 64,
Fax: +33 (0)3 88 41 39 87, E_mail: combat.racism@coe.int
Website: http://www.coe.int/ecri
The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance:
Having regard to Article 14 of the European
Convention on Human Rights;
Having regard to Protocol N° 12 to the European
Convention on Human Rights which contains a general clause
prohibiting discrimination;
Having regard to the case-law of the European
Court of Human Rights and recalling that the Court held that
disputing the existence of crimes against humanity committed under
the National-Socialist regime was one of the most severe forms of
racial defamation and of incitement to hatred of Jews and that the
denial of such crimes against humanity and the justification of a
pro-Nazi policy could not be allowed to enjoy the protection
afforded by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights;
Having regard to the Additional Protocol to the
Convention on Cybercrime concerning criminalisation of acts of a
racist or xenophobic nature committed through computer systems;
Recalling ECRI’s General Policy Recommendation N°
1 on combating racism, xenophobia, antisemitism and intolerance and
ECRI’s General Policy Recommendation N° 2 on specialised bodies to
combat racism, xenophobia, antisemitism and intolerance at national
level;
Recalling also ECRI’s General Policy
Recommendation N° 7 on national legislation to combat racism and
racial discrimination, which contains the key elements of
appropriate legal measures in combating racism and racial
discrimination effectively;
Bearing in mind the Declaration of Concern and
Intent on “Antisemitism in Europe today” adopted on 27 March 2000 by
the participants in the Strasbourg “Consultation on Antisemitism in
Europe today”, convened by the Secretary General of the Council of
Europe;
Having regard to Recommendation (2001) 15 of the
Committee of Ministers to member States on history teaching in
twenty-first century Europe, which was confirmed by Ministers of
Education at the ministerial seminar held in Strasbourg in October
2002;
Recalling the principles contained in the Charter
of European political parties for a non-racist society;
Taking note of the conclusions of the OSCE
Conferences on Antisemitism held in Vienna on 19-20 June 2003 and in
Berlin on 28-29 April 2004;
Recalling the work of the European Union in
combating racism and discrimination and taking note of the
conclusions of the seminar on “Europe against antisemitism, for a
Union of Diversity” organised in Brussels on 19 February 2004;
Recalling that the legacy of Europe’s history is a
duty to remember the past by remaining vigilant and actively
opposing any manifestations of racism, xenophobia, antisemitism and
intolerance;
Paying homage to the memory of the victims of the
systematic persecution and extermination of Jews in the Shoah, as
well as of the other victims of policies of racist persecution and
extermination during the Second World War;
Paying homage to the Jewish victims of killings and systematic
persecution under totalitarian regimes following the Second World
War, as well as other victims of these policies;
Stressing in this respect that the Council of
Europe was precisely founded in order to defend and promote common
and just values – in particular the protection and promotion of
human rights – around which Europe was rebuilt after the horrors of
the Second World War;
Recalling that combating racism, xenophobia,
antisemitism and intolerance is rooted in and forms part of the
protection and promotion of human rights;
Profoundly convinced that combating antisemitism,
while requiring actions taking into account its specificities, is an
integral and intrinsic component of the fight against racism;
Stressing that antisemitism has persisted for
centuries across Europe;
Observing the current increase of
antisemitism in many European countries, and stressing that
this increase is also characterised by new manifestations of
antisemitism;
Noting that these manifestations have often
closely followed contemporary world developments such as the
situation in the Middle East;
Underlining that these manifestations are not
exclusively the actions of marginal or radical groups, but are often
mainstream phenomena, including in schools, that are becoming
increasingly perceived as commonplace occurrences;
Observing the frequent use of symbols from the
Nazi era and references to the Shoah in current manifestations of
antisemitism;
Stressing that these manifestations originate in
different social groups and different sectors of society;
Observing that the victims of racism and exclusion
in some European societies, themselves sometimes become perpetrators
of antisemitism;
Noting that in a number of countries,
antisemitism, including in its new forms, continues to be
promoted, openly or in a coded manner, by some political parties and
leaders, including not only extremist parties, but also certain
mainstream parties;
Believing that an adequate response to these
phenomena can only be developed through the
concerted efforts of all relevant actors in European societies,
including representatives of different communities, religious
leaders, civil society organisations and other key institutions;
Stressing that efforts to counter antisemitism
should include the thorough implementation of legal provisions
against racism and racial discrimination in respect of all
perpetrators and for the benefit of all victims, with special
emphasis on the provisions against incitement to racial violence,
hatred and discrimination;
Convinced furthermore that these efforts should
also include the promotion of dialogue and cooperation between the
different segments of society on the local and national levels,
including dialogue and cooperation between different cultural,
ethnic and religious communities;
Emphasising strongly the role of education in the
promotion of tolerance and respect for human rights, thereby against
antisemitism;
Recommends that the governments of the member
States:
- give a high priority to the fight against
antisemitism, taking all necessary measures to combat all of its
manifestations, regardless of their origin;
- ensure that actions aimed at countering
antisemitism are consistently given their due place amongst actions
aimed at countering racism;
- ensure that the fight against antisemitism is
carried out at all administrative levels (national, regional, local)
and facilitate the involvement of a wide range of actors from
different sectors of society (political, legal, economic, social,
religious, educational) in these efforts;
- enact legislation aimed at combating
antisemitism taking into account ECRI’s suggestions in its General
Policy Recommendation No 7 on national legislation to combat racism
and racial discrimination;
- ensure that the law provides that, for all
criminal offences, racist motivation constitutes an aggravating
circumstance, and that such motivation covers antisemitic
motivation;
- ensure that criminal law in the field of
combating racism covers antisemitism and penalises the following
antisemitic acts when committed intentionally:
a. public incitement to violence, hatred or
discrimination against a person or a grouping of persons on the
grounds of their Jewish identity or origin;
b. public insults and defamation of a person or a
grouping of persons on the grounds of their actual or presumed
Jewish identity or origin;
c. threats against a person or a grouping of
persons on the grounds of their actual or presumed Jewish identity
or origin;
d. the public expression, with an antisemitic aim,
of an ideology which depreciates or denigrates a grouping of persons
on the grounds of their Jewish identity or origin;
e. the public denial, trivialisation,
justification or condoning of the Shoah;
f. the public denial, trivialisation,
justification or condoning, with an antisemitic aim, of crimes of
genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes committed against
persons on the grounds of their Jewish identity or origin;
g. the public dissemination or public
distribution, or the production or storage aimed at public
dissemination or public distribution, with an antisemitic aim, of
written, pictorial or other material containing manifestations
covered by points a), b), c), d), e), f) above;
h. desecration and profanation, with an
antisemitic aim, of Jewish property and monuments;
i. the creation or the leadership of a group which
promotes antisemitism; support for such a group (such as providing
financing to the group, providing for other material needs,
producing or obtaining documents); participation in its activities
with the intention of contributing to the offences covered by points
a), b), c), d), e), f), g), h) above;
- ensure that criminal legislation covers
antisemitic crimes committed via the internet,
satellite television and other modern means of information and
communication;
- ensure that the law provides for an obligation
to suppress public financing of organisations which promote
antisemitism, including political parties;
- ensure that the law provides for the possibility
of disbanding organisations that promote antisemitism;
- take the appropriate measures to ensure that
legislation aimed at preventing and sanctioning antisemitism is
effectively implemented;
- offer targeted training to persons involved at
all levels of the criminal justice system – police, prosecutors,
judges – with a view to increasing knowledge about antisemitic
crimes and how such acts can be effectively prosecuted;
- take steps to encourage victims of antisemitic
acts to come forward with complaints of antisemitic acts, and put in
place an effective system of data collection to thoroughly monitor
the follow-up given to such complaints;
- establish and support the functioning of an
independent specialised body along the lines set out in ECRI’s
General Policy Recommendation No 2 on Specialised bodies to combat
racism, xenophobia, antisemitism and intolerance at national level,
and ensure that the actions carried out by this organ cover all
forms of antisemitism;
- introduce anti-racist education into the school
curriculum at all levels and in an integrated manner, including
content that builds awareness about antisemitism, its occurrences
through centuries and the importance of combating its various
manifestations, ensuring that teachers are provided with the
necessary training;
- promote learning about Jewish history as well as
about the positive contribution of Jewish persons,
communities and culture to European societies;
- promote learning about the Shoah, and the
developments leading up to it, within schools and ensure that
teachers are adequately trained in order to address this issue in a
manner whereby children also reflect upon current dangers and how
the recurrence of such an event can be prevented;
- promote learning and research into the killings
and systematic persecution of Jewish and other persons under
totalitarian regimes following the Second World War;
- where antisemitic acts take place in a school
context, ensure that, through targeted training and materials,
school directors, teachers and other personnel are adequately
prepared to effectively address this problem;
- encourage debate within the media professions on
their role in fighting antisemitism, and on the particular
responsibility of media professionals to seek to, in this
connection, report on all world events in a manner that avoids
perpetuating prejudices;
- support the positive role the media can play in
promoting mutual respect and countering antisemitic stereotypes and
prejudices;
- support and encourage research projects and
independent monitoring of manifestations of antisemitism;
- support the activities of non-governmental
organisations, which play an important role in fighting
antisemitism, promoting appreciation of diversity, and developing
dialogue and common anti-racist actions between different cultural,
ethnic and religious communities;
- take the necessary measures to ensure that the
freedom of religion is fully guaranteed, and that public
institutions make provision in their everyday practice for the
reasonable accommodation of cultural and other requirements;
- support dialogue between different religious
communities at local and national levels in order to counter racist
stereotypes and prejudices, including through providing
financing and establishing institutional fora for multifaith
dialogue;
- ensure that religious leaders at all levels
avoid fueling antisemitism, and encourage religious leaders to take
responsibility for the teachings spread at the grassroots level;
- encourage political actors and opinion leaders
to take a firm public stand against antisemitism, regularly speaking
out against its various manifestations, including all its
contemporary forms, and making clear that antisemitism will not be
tolerated.
hagalil.com
18-05-2005
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